According to Daniel Learner, the operational values or characteristics of Modernization are: - A degree of self-sustaining growth in the economy or at least growth sufficient to increase both production and consumption. - A measure of public participation in the policy alternatives or at least democratic representation in defining and choosing all policy level. - Diffusion of secular-rational norms in culture. - An increment of mobility in the society understood as personal freedom of physical, social and psychic movement. - Corresponding transformation in the modal personality. Modernization in most of the views, defined as the process of acquiring or imitating of the western and European cu...
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Introduction è Study of web of social relation - Sociology è Youngest social science, emerged in 19 th century from Europe to alleviate the then social problems and disorders. è French sociologist August Comte presented sociology as the scientific study of social behavior and relationship in his book 'Positive Philosophy' in 1839 A.D. So he is considered as the father of sociology. Four founding fathers of sociology are August Comte, Emile Durkheim, Herbert Spencer, and Max Weber. è Sociology emerged from Latin word 'Socious' and 'Logos' that means 'study or science of society'. è Emile Durkheim: "Sociology is the study of social facts." è Karl Marx: "In a broader sense, sociology is the study of social functions and social system." Rural Sociology: è The credit of Rural Sociology goes to America. The period from 1820 to 1920 in America is labeled as the age of exploitation. Due to the exploitation of ru...